A a, B b, C c, D d, Ð ð, Ðy ðy, E e, F f, G g, Gỽ gỽ, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Lh lh, M m, N n, Ng ng, Ngỽ ngỽ, Ny ny, O o, P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, Þ þ, Þy þy, U u, V v, Ỽ ỽ, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh
Ð and Þ are borrowed from Old/Middle English, and Ỽ is borrowed from Middle Welsh.
Phonemes:
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Glottal | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | tʃ | dʒ | k | g | ||||
| Fricative | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | h | |||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||
| Approximant | l̥ | j | ʍ | w | ||||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||||||
[x] = written letter
/x/ = phoneme it represents
| Letter | [b] | [c] | [d] | [ð] | [f] | [g] | [h] | [j] | [k] | [l] | [m] | [n] | [p] | [r] | [s] | [t] | [þ] | [v] | [ỽ] | [y] | [z] |
| Pronunciation | /b/ | /tʃ/ | /d/ | /ð/ | /f/ | /g/ | /h/ | /dʒ/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /θ/ | /v/ | /w/ | /j/ | /z/ |
Digraphs and trigraphs are considered to be one letter if they have their own space on the mutations table:
| Di-/trigraph | [gỽ] | [ng] | [ngỽ] | [ny] | [lh] | [sh] | [zh] |
| Pronunciation | /gw/ | /ŋ/ | /ŋw/ | /nʲ/ | /l̥/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ |
Other consonant clusters do not count as one letter:
| Cluster | [gy] | [hỽ] | [ky] | [mm] | [nn] |
| Pronunciation | /gʲ/ | /ʍ/ | /kʲ/ | /mː/ | /nː/ |
Phonemes:
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
| Close | ɪ | iː | ʊ | uː | ||
| Mid | ɛ | eː | ə | ɔ | ɔː | |
| Open | a | aː | ||||
a = short vowel
á = long vowel
| Letter | [a] | [á] | [e] | [é] | [i] | [í] | [o] | [ó] | [u] | [ú] | [w] |
| Pronunciation | /a/ | /aː/ | /ɛ/ | /eː/ | /ɪ/ | /iː/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | /ə/ |
| Digraph | ay | ey | iu | ou |
| Pronunciation | /ai/ | /ɛi/ | /ɪu/ | /oʊ/ |
The stress falls on the penultimate syllable, unless marked by a stress accent:
à = short stressed vowel
ā = long stressed vowel
Page last updated: 06/08/26